Mobility and transport
Mobility and transport: the closure stories and lessons of 134 startups.
134 startups
BluSmart
An Indian ride-hailing service run on an all-electric fleet
Closed2017 – 2025Canoo
The start-up building pod-shaped electric vans and delivery vehicles for commercial fleets
Closed2015 – 2025Lilium
The German company behind the Lilium Jet, an electric air taxi capable of vertical take-off
Closed2014 – 2025Nikola
The listed company that promised hydrogen and battery-electric heavy lorries
Closed2015 – 2024Arrival
A British company that aimed to build electric delivery vans and buses in microfactories
Closed2013 – 2024Cruise
General Motors' autonomous vehicle company that tried to build a driverless taxi service
Closed2016 – 2024Fisker Inc.
The car start-up behind designer Henrik Fisker's electric SUV, the Ocean
Closed2017 – 2024Ghost Autonomy
An OpenAI-backed start-up developing autonomous driving software for carmakers
Closed2014 – 2024Karhoo
The London taxi app that set out to rival Uber and went into administration twice
Closed2016 – 2023Embark Trucks
A start-up that built self-driving software for long-haul lorries and went public via a SPAC
Closed2014 – 2023Hyperloop One
The company that promised aircraft-speed travel in magnetic pods running through low-pressure tubes
Closed2021 – 2023LINK Türkiye (Superpedestrian)
US-based Superpedestrian's shared scooter service in Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir
Closed2018 – 2023Lordstown Motors
The company that tried to build the Endurance electric pickup in GM's former Ohio plant
Closed2004 – 2023Proterra
The US company making electric city buses, battery systems and charging infrastructure
Closed2009 – 2023VanMoof
The Dutch brand that sold its own smart electric bikes direct to customers
Closed2016 – 2022Argo AI
A Ford- and Volkswagen-backed company developing software and hardware for driverless cars
Closed2018 – 2022BenzinLitre
The app that mapped petrol stations with their latest prices and facilities
Closed2010 – 2022Kitty Hawk
The electric flying vehicle start-up backed by Larry Page
Closed2007 – 2022Local Motors
The 3D-printed vehicle start-up that designed with its community and built in microfactories
Closed2016 – 2021Byton
The Chinese-German electric car brand that never reached series production
Closed2016 – 2020Careem Türkiye
The Gulf ride-hailing start-up's taxi-hailing service in Istanbul, Bursa and Adana
Closed2014 – 2020ofo
The Chinese dockless bike-sharing company whose yellow bikes spread to 20 countries
Closed2018 – 2020OtoParlat
A mobile car-wash service that cleaned vehicles where they were parked, without using water
Closed2016 – 2020Starsky Robotics
The driverless lorry start-up: autonomous on the motorway, remotely driven in town
Closed2014 – 2019Chariot
The app-booked commuter shuttle start-up that Ford shut down
Closed2016 – 2019Juno
The New York ride-hailing app that promised drivers lower commission and a stake in the company
Closed2012 – 2016EVT Motor (EVT S1)
The home-grown, 100 per cent electric sports car start-up developed at Hacettepe Teknokent
Closed2014 – 2016Shuddle
The Uber-style service for ferrying children to school and activities that could not find new funding
Closed2013 – 2015Leap Transit
The San Francisco bus service that tried to turn the commute into luxury with leather seats and Wi-Fi
Closed2011 – 2015Sidecar
One of the first-generation ride-sharing apps connecting drivers with passengers
Closed2007 – 2013Better Place
The ambitious mobility start-up that built battery-swap stations for electric cars
Closed2016 – 2024Brabham Automotive
Producer Sports cars
Closed2014 – 2024Energica Motor Company
Italian manufacturer of electric motorcycles
Closed2017 – 2024Human Horizons
Chinese electric car manufacturer
Closed2017 – 2024Whim
Finnish mobility as a service app
Closed2008 – 2023Levdeo
Chinese automobile manufacturer
Closed2012 – 2023National Electric Vehicle Sweden
Swedish holding company
Closed2021 – 2023Niutron
Chinese electric vehicle company
Closed2012 – 2023Superpedestrian
American transportation robotics company
Closed2003 – 2022Bavarian Auto Group
Company
Closed2015 – 2022Borgward Group AG
German-based automobile brand
Closed1996 – 2022Concessionária Rio-Teresópolis
Mobility and transport
Closed2000 – 2022Hawtai
Chinese company
Closed2017 – 2022Zedriv
Chinese automobile manufacturer
Closed2002 – 2021Aerion
American aircraft manufacturer
Closed2008 – 2021BoltBus
American commercial intercity bus service
Closed2019 – 2021Bordrin
Chinese automobile manufacturer
Closed1993 – 2021Troller Veículos Especiais
Brazilian off-road vehicles manufacturer
Closed2003 – 2020Aquila Racing Cars
Danish race car manufacturer
Closed2014 – 2020Engie Motors
Israeli company
Closed2018 – 2020SiTech
Chinese automobile manufacturer
Closed2007 – 2020Zagster
American bike sharing network designer and operator
Closed2014 – 2019Bultaco Motors
Mobility and transport
Closed2006 – 2019Caparo Vehicle Technologies
Mobility and transport
Closed2001 – 2019Lada Zapad Tolyatti
Russian car company
Closed2010 – 2019PolskiBus
Polish express coach operator
Closed1990 – 2019Sebring
British sports car manufacturer
Closed2016 – 2019Vector Space Systems
Launch vehicle designer and launch service provider
Closed2016 – 2018Arrivo
Startup transportation company based in Los Angeles, California
Closed2008 – 2018Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation
Canadian fuel cell company
Closed1993 – 2018Dockwise
Company
Closed2004 – 2018LH Aviation
French aircraft manufacturing company
Closed2016 – 2018oBike
Bicycle sharing company
Closed1997 – 2018SMA Engines
French aircraft engine manufacturer
Closed2004 – 2017iDTGV
Mobility and transport
Closed2008 – 2017Litex Motors
Bulgarian car manufacturer, GWM partner
Closed2007 – 2017Locomore
Railway passenger company
Closed2000 – 2017Power Vehicle Innovation
French electric and natural gas bus and truck manufacturer
Closed2010 – 2017Tawon Car
Indonesian mini car
Closed2003 – 2016Aspid
Spanish automobile manufacturer
Closed2003 – 2016Gonow
Company
Closed2012 – 2016Tushek&Spigel Supercars
Vehicle manufacturer in Austria
Closed2009 – 2015Eclipse Aerospace
2009-2015 aircraft manufacturer in the United States
Closed2009 – 2015Erik Buell Racing
American motorcycle company
Closed2000 – 2015Ferrovia Adriatico Sangritana
Mobility and transport
Closed1999 – 2015Fornasari
Company
Closed2010 – 2015Garland Aerospace
Australian aircraft manufacturer
Closed2008 – 2015Resolution Limited
Guernsey-incorporated investment vehicle
Closed2010 – 2015Vencer
Dutch manufacturer of sports cars
Closed2004 – 2015Vinaxuki
Vietnamese automaker
Closed1998 – 2015Western Greyhound
Bus company in the UK
Closed1996 – 20143Xtrim
Aircraft manufacturer in Poland
Closed2002 – 2014Ford Performance Vehicles
Company
Closed2008 – 2014Gleagle
Automobile brand
Closed1992 – 2014InterPlane Aircraft
Czech aircraft manufacturer
Closed2000 – 2014Jetcar
Automobile manufacturer
Closed1997 – 2014TagAZ
Company
Closed2001 – 20139ff
Car tuning company
Closed2003 – 2013Carbon Motors Corporation
American automotive corporation
Closed2005 – 2013Holland Car
Automobile manufacturer
Closed2004 – 2013Miles Electric Vehicles
Manufacturer and distributor of all-electric vehicles
Closed1993 – 2013National Bus Company
Australian bus operator
Closed2005 – 2013PlanetSpace
Space transportation company
Closed2011 – 2013Vehicle Production Group
Automobile manufacturer
Closed2001 – 2012Arrive
Norwegian transport information company
Closed2008 – 2012Bright Automotive
Company
Closed2004 – 2012Gumpert
Company
Closed2001 – 2011Av8er Limited
British aircraft manufacturer
Closed1993 – 2011Dauer Sportwagen
Automobile manufacturer
Closed1990 – 2011Soar Automotive
Company
Closed1991 – 2011Think Global
Norwegian company
Closed1995 – 2010Ascari Cars
British automobile manufacturer
Closed1994 – 2010Pop's Props
American homebuilt aircraft manufacturer
Closed1999 – 2010Premier Automotive Group
Carmaker
Closed1998 – 2009Adam Aircraft Industries
1998-2009 aircraft manufacturer in the United States
Closed1992 – 2009Jihlavan
Czech aircraft manufacturer
Closed1992 – 2009Showers-Aero
American aircraft design firm
Closed2001 – 2009Sperwill Ltd
British aircraft maufacturer
Closed1999 – 2008Laraki
Company
Closed1990 – 2008Pawnee Aviation
American aircraft manufacturer
Closed1991 – 2008Sabre Aircraft
American aircraft manufacturer
Closed2001 – 2008Skymaster Powered Parachutes
American aircraft manufacturer
Closed1992 – 2008Town Life
Motor vehicle
Closed2002 – 2007Gemini Powered Parachutes
American aircraft manufacturer
Closed1994 – 2007Rodae
Automobile manufacturer
Closed1994 – 2006American Homebuilts
American aircraft kit manufacturer
Closed2001 – 2006Southern Powered Parachutes
American aircraft manufacturer
Closed1999 – 2006Tiger Aircraft
American aircraft manufacturer
Closed2003 – 2005Alliant Aviation
US aviation company focusing on manufacture of ultra-light aircraft
Closed1999 – 2005Eagles Wing Corporation
American aircraft manufacturer
Closed2003 – 2005Orca Engineering
Lichtensteiner sports car company
Closed2000 – 2005Viking Aircraft Inc.
Aircraft manufacturer
Closed2001 – 2003Abaris Aircraft
American aircraft manufacturer
Closed1997 – 2003Etsong Vehicle Manufacturing
Company
Closed1995 – 2003Offpiste Aviation Limited
British aircraft manufacturer
Closed2000 – 2003Sky Science
British aircraft manufacturer
Closed1995 – 2002Doninvest
Russian car manufacturer
Closed2000 – 2002Qvale
Automobile manufacturer
Closed1998 – 2001Arrow SNC
Italian aircraft engine manufacturer
Closed1994 – 2000Shanghai Wanfeng Auto Group
Chinese automobile manufacturer
Closed1997 – 2000Specter Aircraft
American aircraft manufacturer
Closed1996 – 1998Parrish Aircraft Xperimental
American aircraft design firm
Closed1991 – 1998Timor Putra Nasional
Indonesian automobile manufacturer
Closed1991 – 1995M2
Japanese automobile manufacturer that closed in 1995
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This section is compiled from public sources (Wikidata, news archives and company announcements). Figures are given as they appear in those sources; unknown fields are left blank. If you spot a mistake in an entry, you can send us a correction.